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Quickjump List
Treatment, Prevention, and Services
CSAT - Recovery Month Webcast
Recovery from addiction to alcohol and drugs is something we can celebrate
throughout the year. But the September observance of National Alcohol
and Drug Addiction Recovery Month provides millions of Americans with
a unique opportunity to see and embrace what addiction and recovery mean
to families, communities, and people in recovery. In September 2005 hundreds
of Recovery Month events were held across the country to celebrate recovery
and highlight the fact the addiction is treatable and recovery is possible.
This program looks at the tremendous educational and awareness raising
events conducted in communities large and small as the country came together
to heal lives, families and communities. It highlights Recovery Month
community forums, walks and runs for recovery, Major League Baseball games,
music-based activities, and other events that exemplify that addiction
is treatable and recovery is possible.
The webcast is available here.
National Asian Pacific American Families Against Substance Abuse. (2005).
Asian American and Pacific Islander Treatment Providers Directory.
This directory provides detailed descriptions of substance abuse and
mental health services for AAPIs in California. For each agency included,
information on location, services provided, language capabilities, ethnicities
served, and fees are listed. The directory also includes a list of support
groups available for limited English speaking populations. Agencies are
also indexed by language capabilities and area, allowing easy access to
finding services depending on the clients' needs.
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library. For a
full-text of the directory, please click here.
Asian American Federation of New York. (2003). A Resource Directory
of Human Services for Asian Americans in Metropolitan New York.
This Directory profiles select health and human service organizations
for Asian Americans in the metropolitan New York City area. It also contains
listings of community resources, national APA organizations, and community
press and media organizations.
This publication can be accessed and ordered at www.aafny.org/directory/new/default.asp.
Barreto, R.M. & Segal, S.P. (2005). Use of Mental Health Services
by Asian Americans. Psychiatric Services, 56:746-748, June 2005.
This study explored the use of mental health services by Asian Americans
and other ethnic populations in California. East Asians were found to
use more services ?? southeast Asian, Filipinos, other Asians, Caucasians,
African Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans. The findings suggest
that aggregating Asian subpopulations into a single group in services
research is no longer appropriate. Attention needs to be placed on the
needs of Southeast Asians and Other Asians, whose service use patterns
approximate those of the traditionally most underserved groups, e.g. African
Americans and Latinos.
This publication can be accessed and order at http://ps.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/56/6/746.
California Department of Alcohol & Drug Programs. (2002). Treatment
Works! (Publication number: ADP-02-3485) Department of Alcohol and
Drug Programs Data Management Services Section.
A complete directory to help find alcohol and drug abuse treatment services
throughout California. Includes not only contact information, but a detailed
chart of services such as programs specifically designed for youth, Asian/Pacific
Islanders, Relapse Prevention, or Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual or Transgender.
This publication is available to view online at
http://www.adp.cahwnet.gov/PDF/txworks.pdf.
This publication can be ordered at no charge at
http://www.adp.cahwnet.gov/feedback/contact4.asp?rn=7.
Chin, J. (2001). Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders: Assessing the
Unmet Needs for Mental Health Services (CMHS Contract#: OM5742).
Unpublished document.
This study is a detailed assessment of the unmet needs of the AAPI community
in terms of mental health services and asks if the public, state, and
federal mental health systems are adequately serving the mental health
needs of AAPIs. The second focus of the study is on the cultural competency
of state mental health systems to enable them to be responsive to the
unique needs of API communities. Includes focus group data with mental
health providers, consumers, community advocates and leaders from the
AAPI community and AAPI state mental health personnel from 8 states.
This publication is available to view online at
http://www.culturalcompetence2.com/asian.html.
To order the full report, email CEOServices@yahoo.com.
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
Chow, Julian. (2002). Asian American and Pacific Islander Mental
Health and Substance Abuse Agencies: Organizational Characteristics and
Service Gaps. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 30.1.
Documents organizational service characteristics of community-based ethnic-specific
service agencies in AAPI communities nationwide and identifies areas of
need. Among the key findings was the need for more diversified mental
health and substance abuse services, particularly for emerging AAPI groups.
Subscriptions or order of back issues to Administration and Policy in
Mental Health can be made online at
http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0894-587X/contents.
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
Chow, Julian. (2003). Racial/Ethnic Disparities in the Use of Mental
Health Services in Poverty Areas. American Journal of Public Health,
93.5.
This study examines racial/ethnic disparities in mental health service
access and use at different poverty levels by comparing demographic and
clinical characteristics and service use patterns of Whites, Blacks, Hispanics,
and Asians living in low-poverty and high-poverty areas. Results show
that residency in a poor neighborhood moderates the relationship between
race/ethnicity and mental health services access and use.
Subscription and reprint order information is available online at http://www.ajph.org/
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
Marshall, G.N., Schell, T.L., Elliott, M.N., Berthold, M., and Chun,
C. (2005). Mental Health of Cambodian Refugees 2 Decades After Resettlement
in the United States. The Journal of American Medical Association,
294(5): 571-579.
A study funded by the NIH, NIMH, and NIAAA, found that most Cambodian
refugees who resettled in the U.S. remain traumatized, with 62% reporting
posttraumatic stress disorder and 51% reporting depression in the past
year, six to seventeen times the national average for adults.
This article reports on the findings of a survey done on the nation's
largest Cambodian community in Long Beach, California.
For abstracts to the article, see http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/294/5/571.
Migration Policy Institute (MPI). (2004). Putting Data to Work for
Immigrants and Communities.
The primary purpose of this publication is to promote the use of data
by groups that work with or on behalf of immigrants in order to strengthen
their advocacy, research, and internal management capacity.
This publication can be downloaded from the Internet at
www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/PUTTINGDATATOWORK.pdf.
National Asian Pacific American Families Against Substance Abuse. (2001).
Asian American Pacific Islander Substance Abuse Needs Assessment Project.
This report identifies and constructs profiles of the parts of the AAPI
substance abuse and mental health process as it exists in communities
today. These profiles are created in order to identify several objectives
toward the overall goal of improving substance abuse and mental health
services for these populations and prioritizing AAPI health and human
services needs.
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (1999). Principles of Drug Addiction
Treatment: A Research-Based Guide (NIH Publication No. 99-4180).
Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment is an effective guide
to understanding various approaches to drug addiction treatment. The principles
outlined in the publication provide a framework through which to understand
treatment options. Includes references and additional resources for further
information on treatment approaches
This publication is available to view online at
http://165.112.78.61/PODAT/PODATindex.html.
This publication can be ordered at no charge online at
http://store.health.org/catalog/productDetails.aspx?ProductID=15565.
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
Philleo, J., Brisbane, L., & Epstein, L.G. Editors. (1997). Cultural
Competence in Substance Abuse Prevention. National Association of
Social Workers (NASW).
This guide is specifically designed for alcohol and drug abuse (A/D)
professionals working with racial and culturally-diverse communities.
The book provides A/D professionals with the knowledge and strategies
they need to become more culturally competent. It demonstrates how to
integrate cultural competence and an A/D curriculum and how to develop
highly effective prevention messages and treatment modalities within a
cultural context.
The editors examine five major cultural groups—Native Americans,
Hispanics/Latinos, African Americans, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders—and
provide culturally sensitive treatment recommendations. A chapter focuses
on sexual diversity in a cultural context when considering prevention
and treatment for gays and lesbians.
Available through the National Association of Social Workers (NASW),
750 First Street, NE., Suite 700, Washington, DC 20002-4241; 202-408-8600.
Special Service for Groups. Asian Pacific Alcohol Peer Consultation
and Training Project Needs Assessment.
The target population of the Needs Assessment for the Asian Pacific Alcohol
Peer Consultation and training Project included those who are at-risk
for alcohol problems from six Asian Pacific groups (Chinese, Japanese,
Korean, Pacific Islander, Pilipino and Southeast Asian). Sociodemographic
characteristics and associated psycho social factors were assessed for
this at-risk group.
This publication is available online at http://paadp.org/needassestment.pdf.
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
Zane, N., Sue, S., Chang, J., Huang, L., Huang, J., Lowe, S., Srinivasa,
S., Chun, K., Kurasaki, K., and Lee, E. (2005). Beyond ethnic match: Effects
of client-therapist cognitive match in problem perception, coping orientation,
and therapy goals on treatment outcomes. Journal of Community Psychology,
33 (5): 569-585.
This study examined the outcome effects of cognitive match between Asian
and White outpatient clients and their therapists. Many clinicians believe
that one hindrance to the treatment of ethnic minority clients is that
therapists and clients may not share common assumptions and attitudes
about therapy and about the problems that are presented in treatment.
The study investigated client-therapist similarity in their perceptions
of the presenting problem, coping orientation, and expectations about
treatment goals. This study constituted a more rigorous test of the cognitive
match hypotheses in that it was prospective in nature, used separate and
independent sources for the cognitive predictors, employed multiple outcome
measures, and focused on specific attitudes and perceptions that are quire
salient and relevant to treatment. Cognitive match on treatment goals
was predictive of session impact. Moreover, cognitive matches in avoidant
coping orientation and in perceived distress associated with interpersonal
problems were predictive of certain treatment outcomes. The findings may
help explain why clients matched on ethnicity with their therapists tend
to stay longer in treatment and do better in psychotherapy.
Abstract for this article is available at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/110571050/ABSTRACT.
Full text can also be purchased at this website.
Substance Abuse Studies & Reports - General
Smoking, Alcohol & Other Substance Abuse Among Middle and High School Kids in California
NAPAFASA has created a PowerPoint that illustrates the results from a 2005-2006 California Health Kids Survey on smoking, alcohol & other substance abuse among middle and high school kids in Callifornia.
Please visit this link for the PowerPoint Presentation.
Monitoring the Future - 2005
Monitoring the Future is an ongoing study of the behaviors, attitudes,
and values of American secondary school students, college students, and
young adults. Each year, a total of approximately 50,000 8th, 10th and
12th grade students are surveyed (12th graders since 1975, and 8th and
10th graders since 1991). In addition, annual follow-up questionnaires
are mailed to a sample of each graduating class for a number of years
after their initial participation.
The newly released 2005 results can be found here.
The general Monitoring the Future website is www.monitoringthefuture.org.
Bachman, J., Cooper, S., Johnston, L., O’Malley, P., Schulenberg,
J., & Wallace, J. (2002). Tobacco, Alcohol, and Illicit Drug Use:
Racial and Ethnic Differences Among U.S. High School Seniors, 1976-2000.
Public Health Reports, 117.
Examines the differences in adolescents’ use of Tobacco, Alcohol,
and Illicit Drug Use by racial and ethnic groups based on a questionnaire
from a large nationally representative sample of U.S. high school seniors.
Among the findings are that significant differences exist in adolescent
use of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs by racial and ethnic groups,
and these differences have changed over time.
Subscriptions to Public Health Reports* can be made
online at phr.oupjournals.org
or at the Elservier website at
http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journalbibliographicinfo.cws_home/703066/description?navopenmenu=1.
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
Beauvais, F., Belgrave, F., Buka, S., Estrada, A., Galea, S., Iguchi,
M., et al. (2002). Drug Use, HIV/AIDS, and Health Outcomes Among Racial
and Ethnic Populations. Public Health Reports, 117.
Presents articles derived from a workshop examining health disparities
among drug users in racial and ethnic populations. It reports on results
of research supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, describes
innovative programs being implemented, and synthesizes the current literature
on various topics in the field.
Subscriptions to Public Health Reports* can be made
online at phr.oupjournals.org
or at the Elservier website at
http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journalbibliographicinfo.cws_home/703066/description?navopenmenu=1.
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
Brown J.M., Council, C.L., Penne, M.A., Gfroerer, J.C. (2005). Immigrants
and Substance Use: Findings from the 1999-2001 National Survey on Drug
use and Health. (DHHS Publication No. SMA 04-3909, Analytic Series
A-23). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration,
Office of Applied Studies.
This report presents information on the prevalence of alcohol, tobacco,
and illicit drug use among immigrants aged 18 or older in the United States
during 1999-2001. The report is organized by immigrant groups from similar
background but also provides disaggregated data for several specific ethnicities.
Immigrants from the following Asian countries were included in the analysis:
Japan, Korea, Philippines, China, Vietnam, and India.
Available at www.drugabusestatistics.samhsa.gov/
immigrants/immigrants.pdf.
Buka, Stephen. (2002). Disparities in Health Status and Substance
Use: Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Factors. Public Health Reports,
117.
Reviews the literature on racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities
in morbidity and mortality, focusing on substance use and abuse. Among
the conclusions are that racial and ethnic differences in health and health
behaviors are likely to be by socioeconomic differences, cultural factors,
and prejudice and discrimination, both institutional and individual.
Subscriptions to Public Health Reports* can be made
online at phr.oupjournals.org
or at the Elservier website at
http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journalbibliographicinfo.cws_home/703066/description?navopenmenu=1.
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance
— United States, 2003. May 21, 2004. MMWR 2004:53(No. SS-2).
The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors six categories
of priority health-risk behaviors among youth and young adults —
behaviors that contribute to unintentional injuries and violence; tobacco
use; alcohol and other drug use; sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended
pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) infection; unhealthy dietary behaviors; and physical inactivity
— plus overweight. YRBSS includes a national school-based survey
conducted by CDC as well as state and local school-based surveys conducted
by education and health agencies. This report summarizes results from
the national survey, 32 state surveys, and 18 local surveys conducted
among students in grades 9–12 during February–December 2003.
This publication is available online at http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/yrbs/index.htm.
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
Johnston, L.D., O’Malley, P.M., Bachman, J.G., & Schulenberg,
J.E. (2003). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug
use, 1975-2003: Volume I, Secondary school students. (NIH Publication
No. 04-5507). Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse
Monitoring the Future is an ongoing study of the behaviors, attitudes,
and values of American secondary school students, college students, and
young adults. Each year, a total of some 50,000 8th, 10th and 12th grade
students are surveyed (12th graders since 1975, and 8th and 10th graders
since 1991). In addition, annual follow-up questionnaires are mailed to
a sample of each graduating class for a number of years after their initial
participation.
This publication is available online at www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/vol1_2003.pdf
Ma, Grace Xueqin & Henderson, George, Editors (2002). Ethnicity
and Substance Abuse. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, LTD.
This book offers an interdisciplinary approach to understanding drug
abuse problems within the U.S. ethnic minority community, including African
American, Asian Pacific American, Hispanics, and Native Americans.
The three main objectives of this book are: (1) to make care providers
aware of cultural factors that affect substance abuse and cessation; (2)
to review multidisciplinary research studies in order to ascertain helpful
and unhelpful health care practices; and (3) to provide practical suggestions
for improving community-wide substance prevention and intervention programs.
Chapters specifically devoted to Asian Pacific Islander Americans include:
- Substance Abuse Among Southeast Asians in the U.S.: Implications
for Practice and Research
- Treating Southeast Asian Immigrants: Miem Opium Users in California
- Smoking Prevention and Intervention in Asian American Communities:
A Case Study
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
Partnership for a Drug Free America. (2000). Inhalant Abuse Research
Report. New York: Partnership for a Drug Free America.
The goal of this study is to update understanding and knowledge of inhalant
abuse among adolescents through 810 personal interviews in 31 geographically
dispersed markets. Particularly, the study asks if there is still a need
to inform youth and parents of risks associated with inhalant abuse and
looking at differences in attitudes and understanding on inhalant abuse
by race and ethnicity.
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
Schwartz, Wendy. (1997). Smoking Prevention Strategies for Urban
and Minority Youth. ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education: New York.
Adolescents living in disadvantaged urban areas suffer from many of the
stresses shown to increase tobacco use. Most strategies developed for
anti-tobacco campaigns are most effective with white, middle-class adolescents.
This digest discusses various initiatives being taken to create new prevention
strategies specifically targeting urban and minority youths.
This digest is available at http://www.ericdigests.org/1998-1/smoking.htm.
Substance Abuse Studies & Reports – Asian
Americans and Pacific Islanders
Joe, K.A., The Lives and Times of Asian-Pacific American Women Drug
Users: An Ethnographic Study of Their Methamphetamine Use (Journal
of Drug Issues, 26(1): 199-218, 1996) 
Although Asian-Pacific Islander Americans have a long history in American
society and represent the fastest growing minority group, they remain
a relatively unknown and obscure population. While ethnic myths about
Asian women continue to persist, the complexities of the lives of Asian-Pacific
Islander American women remain a mystery. This article represents the
first ethnographic account of Asian-Pacific Islander American women drug
users, and specifically explores their onset and patterns of drug use
and coping strategies in relation to the competing cultural claims on
their lives.
Availability: Journal of Drug Issues, P.O. Box 4021, Tallahassee, FL 32303
National Institute on Drug Abuse: Drug Abuse Among Racial/Ethnic Minorities
The purpose of this valuable report is to provide policymakers, program
leaders and staff, health administrators, scientists, and others with
information that may help them understand the nature and extent of illegal
drug use, associated behaviors, and problems that now affect our Nation's
racial/ethnic minority populations and the current non- Hispanic White
majority population. Its content has been culled from the best and most
recent reports on these topics.
To download the report, click here.
Kwon, H. T., Wang, Q. W., Valmidiano, L. L. (2005). Risk Behaviors
Associated with Cigarette Use Among Asian American Adolescents. The
International Electronic Journal of Health Education (www.iejhe.org),
8: 11-17
Asian Americans are one of the fastest growing minority groups in the
United States. This study examined the association between several common
youth risk behaviors, including cigarette use among Asian American adolescents,
using data (N=408) from the 2001 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). The
weighted univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were
performed with Survey Data Analysis (SUDAAN) to adjust the standard error
estimate of the multistage sampling. The main outcome variable was cigarette
smoking behavior (past 30 days), reported as a binary (dichotomous) variable.
The significant predictors from the univariate model were alcohol use,
marijuana use, academic grades, multiple sex partners, and weight (p<.01).
The multivariate logistic regression revealed that Asian American adolescents
who engaged in alcohol use (OR=10.43, 95% CI=5.02, 21.68), used marijuana
(OR=4.90, 95% CI=1.91, 12.59), and had mostly C or lower academic grades
(OR=5.86, 95% CI=2.66, 12.90) were more likely to report cigarette use.
Common risk factors and adolescent behaviors play a role in cigarette
use, and this information can be applied in developing health education
programs for Asian American high school students.
A copy of the study is available at the NAPAFASA resource library.
Sakai, Joseph (2005), Asians in the United States: Substance Dependence
and Use of Substance-Dependence Treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse
Treatment, 29.
Clinicians have often observed that Asians are unlikely to utilize substance-dependence
treatment services but few have reported empirical data examining this
phenomenon. This study used data from the National Household Survey on
Drug Abuse, 2000-2002, and tested whether Asians in the United States
have relatively low rates of drug and alcohol dependence and whether substance-dependent
Asians use treatment services less than Caucasians. Subsequent analyses
were undertaken to identify factors that explained these racial differences.
Of the 5,118 Asians, 159 met criteria for past-year drug or alcohol dependence.
Asians with past-year substance dependence were significantly less likely
than substance-dependent Caucasians to report past-year treatment (odds
ratio 0.42, 95% confidence interval 0.19-0.96). Differences in past-year
substance-dependence prevalence appear to be partially explained by between-group
differences in ever using substances; differences in past-year treatment
use appear to be in part related to differences in levels of acculturation
and education.
A copy of the complete article is available at the NAPAFASA resource
library.
The DASIS Report, June 10, 2005: Asians and Pacific Islanders
in Substance Abuse Treatment: 2002
This report details API admissions into substance abuse treatment programs
in 2002. Data on primary substance abused, route of substance abuse administration,
demographic and socioeconomic characteristics are included. Data on API
subgroups are not included.
Some main findings include:
" Asian/Pacific Islander admissions were more likely than all other
admissions to go into treatment for either marijuana or methamphetamine/amphetamine
" The mean age of admissions was slightly younger for API admissions
(30 years old) compared to all other admission (34 years old)
" Just over one third (38%) of API admissions had no health insurance
compared to almost two thirs (61%) of all other admissions
This publication is available online at http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k5/AsianTX/AsianTX.htm.
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
Wong, M.M., Klingle, R.S., and Price, R.K. (2004). Alcohol, Tobacco,
and Other Drug Use among Asian American and Pacific Islander Adolescents
in California and Hawaii. Addictive Behaviors, 29(1): 127-141.
As an aggregate group, the lowest rates of alcohol, tobacco, and other
drug (ATOD) use are often reported for Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders
(AAPIs), compared to other groups. However, the low rates are often based
upon sample with small representations of AAPIs, or represented by only
one or two AAPI groups. Consequently, reliable data on the rates of ATOD
use among specific AAPI subgroups are severely lacking.
This article used data from school surveys collected from 9th grade students
in California and 10th grade students in Hawaii and compared the ATOD
rates of Whites, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, and pacific Islander/Native
Hawaiian adolescents. Considerable variation in ATOD rates among subgroups
of AAPIs was consistently found across the surveys. The article discusses
the implications for these findings and recommendations for future research
are discussed.
The abstract and full text of this article is available here.
Price, R.K., Risk, N., Wong, M., Klingle, R.S. (2002). Substance
Use and Abuse by Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders: Preliminary Results
From Four National Epidemiologic Studies. Public Health Reports,
117.
Provides an analysis of four recent large national surveys to assess
the degree of use and abuse of a wide range of psychoactive substances
among subgroups of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) and in
comparison with whites.
Subscriptions to Public Health Reports* can be made
online at: phr.oupjournals.org
or at the Elservier website here.
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
The DASIS Report, August 16, 2002: Asians and Pacific Islanders
in Substance Abuse Treatment: 1999
This report details API admissions into substance abuse treatment programs
between 1994 and 1999. Data is disagreggated by age, gender, referral
source, and primary substance abused. Data on API subgroups are not included.
This publication is available online at
http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k2/AsiansallTX/AsiansallTX.cfm.
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
Substance Abuse Reports - Ethnic Specific
Amodeo, M., Peou, S., Grigg-Saito, D., Berke, H., Pin-Riebe, S., Jones, L. (2004). Providing Culturally Specific Substance Abuse Services
in Refugee and Immigrant Communities: Lessons from a Cambodian Treatment and Demonstration Project.
Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, Vol. 4(3) 2004.
Several agencies interested in serving Cambodian immigrants established
a substance abuse treatment demonstration project which included culturally
specific elements such as co-therapy done by a bilingual, bicultural Cambodian
worker and a mainstream American social worker; formation of an advisory
committee with Cambodian members; home visiting and family involvement;
emphasis on traditional cultural values as motivators; integration of
Buddhist philosophy; and use of acupuncture for detoxification. In spite
of careful planning and several program accomplishments, the program initially
received few client referrals. A fact-finding process revealed several
barriers, including stigmatization of substance abuse and few Cambodian
providers with substance abuse training. Case vignettes and organizational
and clinical recommendations are provided for community leaders and advisory
groups working with other low-incidence refugee and immigrant populations.
A copy of the article is available at the NAPAFASA Resource Library.
D'Avanzo, C., Frye, B., Froman, R. (1994). Culture, Stress, and
Substance Use in Cambodian Refugee Women. Journal of Studies on Alcohol,
55: 420-426.
Focuses on the use of alcohol and other drugs by Cambodian refugee women
and their families in Massachussetts and California. The purpose of the
study is to generate initial data within this group on substance abuse
topics such as frequency of use, situations surrounding use, and culturally
specific substance use.
Subscriptions to Journal of Studies on Alcohol* can
be made online at
http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/%7Ecas2/journal/subscribe.html.
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
Hanipale, F., & Whitney, S. “Feeling Strong;” Themes
in Samoan Drinking and Recovery. Pago Pago, American Samoa: Social
Services Division, Department of Human Resources, Government of American
Samoa.
This study looks at the thematic content in Samoan views about over-drinking
and its results. By looking at the form and meaning of such cultural behaviors
and beliefs about alcohol, the authors hope to reveal the necessary clues
to help address the damage which over-drinking can cause.
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
Patel, Shilpa. (2001). Substance Abuse in the South Asian Context
in the United States. South Asian Public Health Association.
An examination of the widespread complexity of substance abuse in the
United States with a focus on underlying barriers and implications faced
by South Asians at-risk for substance abuse.
Includes an examination of epidemiological studies, organizational efforts
to address substance abuse, identification of risk factors, assessment
of cultural factors, as well as an offering of culturally appropriate
recommendations.
Publication can be ordered for $25 for the first copy and $15 for additional
copies at
http://www.sapha.net/bporder.htm.
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse and Mental
Health Services Administration Center for Substance Abuse Prevention.
(1999). Responding to Pacific Islanders: Culturally Competent Perspectives
for Substances Abuse Prevention (DHHS Publication No. (SMA)98-3195).
Dedicated exclusively to health issues affecting Pacific Islanders, this
publication focuses on the concept of cultural accessibility as a tool
to evaluate how well health services respond to the unique needs of the
Pacific Islander community. The volume also addresses programs that link
culturally appropriate healing strategies with complementary and alternative
health practices.
This publication can be ordered at no charge online at
http://store.health.org/catalog/productDetails.aspx?ProductID=15438.
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
Workman, R., Pinhey, T., Perez, M. (1998). In Pursuit of Happiness:
A Study of Substance Use Among Guam High School Youth. Mangilao,
Guam: University of Guam.
This study is meant to provide empirical evidence and documentation of
substance abuse patterns among high school youth in Guam. The report presents
the result of a survey of Guam’s high school students which examines
their use of various drugs and to examine the association of their use
patterns with their knowledge and perceptions of various forms of physical
violence.
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
Dual Diagnosis
Psychosocial Treatment of Patients with Schizophrenia and Substance
Abuse Disorders
John Tsuang, MD, MS, Timothy W. Fong, MD, and Ira Lesser, MD
Substance abuse among patients with schizophrenia is quite common, with
at least half of these individuals having a lifetime diagnosis of a substance
abuse disorder. These so called ''dual diagnosis'' or ''co-occurring disorder''
patients have an increased utilization of medical and psychiatric services.
They are more difficult to treat and usually have a worse prognosis as
compared with nonsubstance abusing patients with schizophrenia. Fortunately,
in recent years, the treatment of dually diagnosed patients has significantly
improved. It has been established that the best treatment of these patients
includes enrollment in an integrated program that treats both mental illness
and substance abuse problems simultaneously. Previously, we published
an article that reviewed the available psychopharmacological options for
treatment of co-occurring disorder patients. This article will focus more
on the psychosocial treatment modalities that have been used to reduce
the psychiatric morbidity and substance relapse in these patients.
A copy of the article is available at the NAPAFASA resource library.
Mental Health Issues
Addressing Stigma in Culturally Diverse Communities (August 20, 2003):
A teleconference of the Resource Center to Address Discrimination and Stigma,
a program of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance
Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health
Services.
This powerpoint presentation addresses the mental health problems that
can emerge as a result of discrimination and stigma in certain ethnic communities.
The speakers were:
Henry Acosta, M.A., M.S.W., L.S.W., Project Director, Changing Minds, Advancing Mental Health for Hispanics
D.J. Ida, Ph.D., Executive Director, National Asian American Pacific Islander Mental Health Association
Laurene Finley, Ph.D., Multicultural Training and Research Institute, Temple University
The presentation is divided into three sections: Hispanics, Asian American
- Pacific Islanders, and African-Americans. For each section, there
is a background on demographics, followed by information about challenges
faced by that group, such as underutilization of mental health services
and language barriers. Finally, each section ends with recommendations
and goals for helping that group overcome the mental health issues associated
with discrimination and stigma. The full presentation is available by clicking
here.
Additional archived teleconferences/trainings on the topic of stigma
and mental health are available by clicking
here.
Problem Gambling
Chinese Playground: A Memoir by Bill Lee
"This stark and unsentimental recollection of childhood and coming of age in the back alleys and bustling streets of San Francisco's Chinatown reveals the sinister and pervasive influences of organized crime. Delivering an almost-casual expose into the underworld of an urban Chinatown, Chinese Playground: A Memoir traces author Bill Lee's maturation from innocent child in a troubled family to a street punk, gang member, and college graduate struggling to break free of his involvement in escalating violence. In a dark journey spanning forty years, Lee fights an ongoing battle against relentless childhood demons and nightmares, acknowledging a spiritual guardian throughout his life, ultimately coming to terms with his past and peace with himself.
A moving look at the murky histories of Lee's parents -- both Chinese immigrants -- adds depth to this story and poignantly points to typical family dysfunctions that contribute to confusion, fear and aggression in young people. The author's early recollections are seen through the eyes of an innocent boy who was nearly aborted and sold away. As a young gang member, his pain and fears are hidden beneath a tough, macho facade as he contends with gambling, drugs, extortion and murder. Entering adulthood, Lee's street savvy and dark view of the world manifests itself into an aggressive, win-at-any-costs attitude which he unleashes in Silicon Valley. Lee faces his biggest challenge when he returns to the streets of Chinatown in search of his runaway son and confronts his own dark past. Lee's determination to nurture his soul and transform his life is inspiring." - taken from the book cover
Born to Lose: Memoirs of a Compulsive Gambler by Bill Lee
Second generation Chinese-American Bill Lee was living the American dream. He
had a successful career as a corporate headhunter, bank accounts overflowing
with money, and a perfect son who adored him. In just a few short years,
he lost it all. Born to Lose starts before Mr. Lee was even born, with the
story of his grandfather who was sold into slavery to settle family gambling
debts. Chronicling the violent and oppressive history of his family, we
see that Mr. Lee truly was "born to lose," destined to suffer from a gambling
addiction that had affected so many members of his family in the generations
before.
We see Mr. Lee as a young kid: winning money from other kids in
school yard card games, then losing it in turn to older kids. We see him
playing the stock market as a young professional and ultimately succumbing
to the lure of casinos from Las Vegas to Reno. For people who fail to see
compulsive gambling as a "real" addiction, this book serves as a harsh reminder
of the ways in which gambling can destroy peoples' lives. As Mr. Lee navigates
the world of problem gambling, attending a variety of meetings of Gamblers
Anonymous (GA), we are exposed to the stories of many individuals who lost
everything they had because they could not resist the temptation to put
it all on the line.
In the end, this is a book about taking responsibility.
Mr. Lee makes several attempts at ending his addiction through participation
in GA. However, these attempts continually fail as a result of his determination
to maintain control of his own life, to deal with his recovery on his own
terms. It is only when he makes serious changes in his lifestyle, such as
changing careers, and makes an effort to take GA seriously (instead of just
going through the motions), that he is able to truly face his addiction.
This message of addiction, failure, and redemption, is inspiring to people
suffering from all addictions, not just gambling.
Slutske, W.S., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E., and Poulton R. (2005). Personality
and Problem Gambling: A Prospective Study of a Birth Cohort of Young Adults.
Archives of General Psychiatry, 62: 769-775.
This study compared the personality traits of problem gamblers with individuals
with alcohol or other drug addictions. Researchers performed personality
assessments on about 1,000 18-year-olds from New Zealand and focused on
results from those who had been diagnosed with gambling addiction and
three types of substance abuse disorders. After cross-referencing with
10 basic personality variants, they found that the personality profiles
for the gamblers and addicts were very similar.
The findings may help explain the relationship between problem gambling
and other addictive disorders, as well as providing clues for the development
of better treatments for these problems.
Available at http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/62/7/769.
Levens, S., Dyer, A-M., Zubritsky, C., Knott, K., and Oslin, D.W. (2005)
Gambling Among Older, Primary-Care Patients. American Journal of Geriatric
Psychiatry, 13:69-76.
This study reported that some older Americans may be at-risk gamblers
who are prone to betting more money than they can afford. Of the 843 people
aged 65 or older that were interviewed, 70 percent had been involved in
at least one gambling activity within the previous year. Eleven percent
could be classified as at-risk gamblers. Women were also found to be just
as likely as men to be gamblers and to show signs of gambling problems.
Available at http://ajgp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/13/1/69.
Skolnik, Sam. (2004) "Deck Stacked Against Asians; Casinos Play
Off Gambling-Intensive Culture." Seattle Post-Intelligencer.
This article explores the relationship between Asian culture and compulsive
gambling. While alcohol or drug use may be frowned upon in the Asian community,
in many parts of Asia, gambling is a deeply ingrained social activity.
This acceptance is especially strong in recent immigrants. Casinos are
aware of their market and employ several devices to attract Asian customers,
including bilingual employees, Asian-themed holiday celebrations, Asian
popular musical acts, Asian restaurants, and free bus services from popular
Asian ethnic enclaves.
For the full article, click here.
Zander, David B. (1996). A Report on the Effects of Problem Gambling
on Southeast Asian Families and Their Adjustments to Life in Minnesota:
Report and Recommendations.
This exploratory field study by the Council on Asian-Pacific Minnesotans
found that the problem of compulsive gambling is affecting significant
numbers of families and children. The report discusses the ways treatment
needs to be implemented in a more culturally sensitive way. It concludes
with a set of recommendations that would strengthen the work of the Mutual
Assistance Associations in coping with the identified compulsive gambling
problems at a community level. These include:
" Funding bilingual preventative education materials such as brochures
and videos in Southeast Asian languages.
" Making funds available for training bilingual and culturally sensitive
staff to take compulsive gambling in-service training
" Funding key Southeast Asian organizations to run prevention and
intervention programs
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Demographics
Asian Pacific American Legal Center. (2005). The Diverse Face of
Asians and Pacific Islanders in California: Asian & Pacific Islander
Demographic Profile.
This report is a fourth in a series of demographic reports on Asians
and Pacific Islanders in the state of California. The report uses disaggregated
Census 2000 data to provide information on 20 API ethnic groups, including
indicators on socioeconomic status, education, housing, language, and
immigration.
This report in particular focuses on 3 regions of California: Southern
California, the Central Valley and the Bay area. The California report
is produced by the Asian Pacific American Legal Center, in conjunction
with the Asian Law Caucus and the National Asian Pacific American Legal
Consortium.
Available at http://demographics.apalc.org/.
Dela Cruz, Melany and R. Varisa Patraporn. (2004). Socioeconomic
Status of Asians in Los Angeles County: A Closer Examination of Chinese,
South Asian, and Thai Populations.
This report provides data and analysis about homeownership status of
various Asian ethnic groups. It includes information about housing within
specific neighborhoods in Los Angeles County. The research findings reveal
critical information that can assist community, housing and policy advocates
in identifying issues and concerns that can improve programs to serve
the Asian American community well and effectively.
This study was conducted as a collaboration between the Asian American
Studies Center (http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/aasc/)
and the Ralph and Goldy Lewis Center for Regional Policy Studies Center
(http://lewis.sppsr.ucla.edu) at the University of California, Los Angeles.
To request copies of the publication, please see their websites for inquiry.
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
Lai, Eric and Dennis Arguelles, Ed. (2003). “The New Face
of Asian Pacific America: Numbers, Diversity & Change in the 21st
Century.”
This publication is the most comprehensive, up-to-date analysis of demographic
and cultural changes of Asian Pacific America and includes the latest
census information. Through informative essays and over 100 photos, charts,
and graphics, this book provides the first analysis of census socioeconomic
data on the Asian Pacific American population and the first demographic
analysis of the fast-growing mixed race/ethnicity population in the Asian
Pacific American community.
Purchase available online at
http://www.asianweek.com/census/census_home.html.
Available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
Southeast Asian Resource Action Center (SEARAC). (2004). Not the
“Model Minority”: 2000 Census Reveals Achievement Gaps, and
Signs of Hope for Americans from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.
According to the 2000 Census, Americans from some Asian backgrounds-
for example, people from Cambodia and Laos are significantly less likely
than most other Americans to hold college degrees, more likely to have
had no formal education, and more likely to live in poverty. However,
the communities are quickly progressing in these and other areas. SEARAC,
a national organization for Americans from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam,
has just released statistics from the 2000 Census and other sources detailing
its community’s profile. The report is accessible on the internet
at www.searac.org/new.html.
Southeast Asia Resource Action Center (SEARAC). (2003). Southeast
Asian American Elders in California: Demographics and Service Priorities
Revealed by the 2000 Census and a Survey of Mutual Assistance Association
(MAAs) and Faith-Based Organizations (FBOs).
Through an analysis of 2000 Census results and the findings from a survey
of Mutual Assistance Associations (MAAs) and Faith-Based Organizations
(FBOs) in California, this report provides a baseline for further study
as well as guidance for policymakers and grant makers who work with Southeast
Asian American elders.
Available at http://www.searac.org/sea-eldersrpt-fin.pdf.
Multimedia Resources
Prevention Communication Research Database
The Prevention Communication Research Database is a searchable collection
of audience research conducted or sponsored by HHS agencies and designed
to provide access to research findings that may not be widely known or
published in peer-reviewed journals.
There are several reports addressing API and/or substance abuse issues,
including:
" Addressing Cardiovascular Health in Asian Americans and Pacific
Islanders: A Background Report
" Anti-Drug Research: Topline Report
" High-Risk Drinking in College: What We Know and What We Need to
Learn: Final Report
" Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior of Immigrant Asian American
Women Ages 40 and Older Regarding Breast Cancer and Mammography Screening
" Review of Literature and Secondary Research on Generation Y - Lessons
to Apply in the Development of a Youth-targeted CDC Web Site
The database can be accessed at www.health.gov/communication.
Making Your Model Program Culturally Appropriate
This presentation discusses how model programs can be successfully implemented
with target populations for which they were not originally designed. Additionally,
it discusses the importance of selecting appropriate models that match
the community needs in terms of target population, appropriate settings,
community climate and culture. It explores issues such as:
- Identifying and selecting programs that address cultural diversity
within your target population.
- How to stay true to a proven model program when adapting it for different
audiences and settings?
- What are the benefits and costs of making these changes?
- Under what conditions do adaptations work best or not at all?
This presentation is available as a webcast at www.ncadi.samhsa.gov/multimedia/webcasts/w.aspx?ID=265.
To order a video of this broadcast, visit www.mctft.com.
Media Campaign Resource Center (MCRC)
MCRC, a service of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s
Office on Smoking and Health, offers tobacco control and prevention advertisements.
A list of free TV, radio, print, and outdoor advertisements, available
for a small duplication fee (e.g., $5-25) from MCRC can be found at http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/MCRC/nofees.htm.
All other MCRC advertisements can be found at http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/MCRC.
Many advertisements are available in various languages. Call 770-488-5705,
option 2 or email mcrc@cdc.gov to order free ads or discuss specifics.
The Office on Smoking and Health offers other materials useful for educators
and students. To order these materials (including posters and kits on
media literacy and anti-smoking messages), call 770-488-5705, option 3
or email tobaccoinfo@cdc.gov.
National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign
The National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign was established in 1998
through the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy. The Campaign
targets youth ages 9-18—especially the vulnerable middle-school
adolescents—their parents, and other adults who influence the choices
young people make.
The website offers media tools targeting youth and their parents. Preview
of the material and information on how to obtain them can be found at
http://www.mediacampaign.org/.
Substance Abuse Prevention Curriculum Guide
This web-based guide provides resources for developing as substance abuse
curriculum targeting youths. The guide has 3 components:
- A Resource Library with detailed information on more than 1,000 interactive
activities and materials (available for free or for marginal costs)
- The free Substance Abuse and Prevention Handbook, which provides a
summary of current research on substance abuse prevention and guidelines
for needs assessment and curriculum building.
- The Curriculum Builder, a step-by-step process of assessing your needs
and selecting appropriate activities and materials.
This guide can be accessed at www.preventioncurriculum.com
or by calling 1-800-544-5921.
API Language Materials
National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information - Asian Language
Lines for Material Request
SAMHSA's National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI)
is the Nation's one-stop resource for information about substance abuse
prevention and addiction treatment.
You may request materials in several Asian languages using the telephone
numbers below:
- Cambodian (888) 258-3145
- Chinese (Cantonese) (888) 258-3139
- Chinese (Mandarin) (888) 258-3144
- Korean (888) 258-3137
- Vietnamese (888) 258-3138
A Network of Care and Supports for Behavioral Health & Mental Retardation
Services
A new website funded by the city of Philadelphia offers residents centralized
access to information on addiction and mental-health treatment as well
as news about policy decisions on these issues. The website is designed
for both patients and care providers. The site is being billed as part
of a campaign to eliminate racial disparities in health care and empower
consumers of health services. In addition to providing information about
various behavioral-health problems and where people can get help, the
site allows users to create profiles and track their own medical information,
such as doctors' contact information, drug dosages, and other data. The
information is stored confidentially, although users can give others permission
to view their health data online. The site is available in seven languages:
English, Cambodian, Cantonese, Russian, Spanish, Tagalog, and Vietnamese.
Click here
for the website.
Selected Patient Information Resources in Asian Languages (SPIRAL),
2005.
Tufts University's Health Sciences Library has developed health resources
for Asian and Pacific Islander Americans whose first language is not English.
The website (http://spiral.tufts.edu)
provides detailed health information in Asian languages, specifically
Chinese, Hmong, Khmer, Korean, Laotian, Thai and Vietnamese. It is a unique
multi-language health information site because it is for both physicians
and patients.
Segmented by language and by subject, a user - either a patient, doctor
or other caregiver -- can search for documents in an Asian language on
topics such as asthma, diabetes, nutrition, substance abuse, SARS and
HIV/AIDS. A native speaker of an Asian language would go to the main web
site, select his/her language, and then search for the information that
was needed.
Material is also provided in English so that an English-speaking physician
or caregiver can see what patients are reading.
For more information, please go to http://spiral.tufts.edu.
Technical Assistance Project - Information for Staff
Key Terms to Understand
Chronic Care Model
The Chronic Care Model (CCM) was created by Dr. Ed Wagner of the MacColl
Institute for Healthcare Innovation, Group Health Cooperative of Puget
Sound. The CCM identifies the different systems in which chronic illnesses
are treated, such as hospitals and families of chronically ill patients,
and seeks to standardize the links between them. The goal is for patients
and their primary caregivers to be informed about their own care, while
provider teams are prepared and proactive. This is a contrast to the traditional
model of managed care, in which patients, who are often uninformed about
their own health care needs, are treated only after problems arise. By
creating standard cooperation among systems of care, the CCM prevents
problems from developing in the first place, while preparing for treatment
in the event they do occur (Improving Chronic Illness Care, The Robert
Wood Johnson Foundation). The CCM is important to the substance abuse
treatment field because of the belief that substance abuse and dependence
are chronic illnesses that must be continually monitored and treated for
the lifetime of the patient. It is important for both patients and caregivers
to recognize this. In its substance abuse field manifestation, the CCM
is divided into six elements: community resources and policies, health
care organization, self-management support, delivery system design, decision
support, and clinical information systems (Thomas & McCarty, 2004). The
CCM was first applied to the substance abuse treatment field when it was
used to treat tobacco addiction in a study (Bodenheimer, Wagner, and Grumbach,
2002a, 2002b). For more information, refer to the ICIR
website.
Institute of Medicine's Continuum of Care Model
The Institute of Medicine recognizes that addiction is a chronic disease,
and thus should be treated like other chronic diseases through a continuum
of treatments and social services. The Continuum of Care Model calls for
the creation of networks of service providers which can cater to the diverse
types of substance abusers. These networks of service are not limited
to treatment facilities, but include prevention and intervention services,
as well as recovery and relapse prevention services. To assist with relapse
prevention, the networks are enlarged to include all agencies that support
those in recovery, such as educational facilities, religious organizations,
and housing agencies. The Continuum of Care Model has four key stages:
identification, assessment, treatment, and ongoing recovery management.
These four stages reflect the dedication to the entire continuum of substance
abuse services, from universal prevention to recovery assistance (National
Conference of State Legislatures). For more information, and explanations
of the four key stages, click
here.
Framework for Prevention of Alcohol and Drug Problems
The Framework for Prevention of Alcohol and Drug Problems is a document
released by the California Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs (ADP)
in 1991 to set forth the State's prevention policies and strategies.
It states that prevention is a constantly evolving process, and that
prevention programs should encompass multiple community interests (White
House Office of National Drug Control Policy). Additionally, the framework
affirms CSAP's six strategies for prevention (a list of the strategies
and their explanations can be found here).
This framework is important to service providers because it provides
them with established strategies around which to base their prevention
programs. It is useful to organizations just starting prevention programs
in need of ideas, as well as established prevention programs that simply
need minor adjustments. A copy of the framework will be available in
the NAPAFASA resource library. Additional information about the framework
and ADP prevention practices can be found here
and here.
In 1998, ADP held a prevention summit, which resulted in the revised
version of the document which is called The California Prevention Platform
- A Framework for the Future. This document sets forth a series of eight
"planks," which are steps that California should take in order to revitalize
prevention efforts (California ADP). These "plans" are:
- Create a Representative Statewide Prevention Collaborative
- Assert State Leadership with a Prevention Services Division
- Incorporate a Youth-Development Model into Prevention and Actively
Engage Youth in the Decision-Making Process
- Ground California State ATOD Policies in Research-Based Strategies
and Programs within a Results-Based System
- Move Toward Professional Standards in the Field of Prevention by Developing
Core Curriculum and Training Programs
- Maintain and Expand, as Appropriate, Contracts to Provide Technical
Assistance
- Ensure Appropriate Utilization of Block Grant Prevention Sources
- Convene an Annual Prevention Training Summit
The full text of the prevention platform can be found here.
*If back issues are not available, this publication is
available at the Los Angeles office NAPAFASA resource library.
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